The following vocabulary is intended to introduce students to the vehicle(s) through which the One Man, Two Voices: Peter Feigl’s Diary and Testimony resource is being relayed. Also included for additional context are links to a number of closely related resource materials.

Vocabulary:

Clip

Any video testimony that is part of the whole

Close Reading

Careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text

Diary

A daily record or book for keeping such a record. Diaries, among the most intimate forms of writing, are a primary source that record innermost thoughts, hopes, fears, and aspirations. They generally are not meant for the public or prying eyes. For a hidden child [in the Holocaust] however, a diary's personal nature presented a serious danger. A detail about one's real family or identity could betray its author as well as his or her rescuer. While not all hidden children were able or allowed to keep diaries, those that exist offer a fascinating glance into the mind and experiences of these youths.¹

Primary Sources

First-hand testimony and direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented. Often these sources, such as diaries, letters, forms, and photographs, are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring, but primary sources can also include autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories recorded later.²

Primary sources are real and they are personal; history is humanized through them. Using original sources, students touch the lives of the people about whom history is written. Via a variety of primary sources, students confront two essential facts in studying history. First, the record of historical events reflects the personal, social, political, or economic points of view of the participants. Second, students bring to the sources their own biases, created by their own personal situations and the social environments in which they live. Primary sources force students to realize that any account of an event, no matter how impartially presented it appears to be, is essentially subjective.³

Secondary Sources

Sources that analyze, interpret, comment on, or discuss primary sources, such as textbooks, encyclopedias, and journal articles. They are published after the fact of the original event, and tend to be argumentative or to present a specific perspective. Examining the footnotes, references cited, or bibliographies of secondary sources can often help locate primary sources.²

Visual History Testimony

A primary source consisting of a videotaped interview between an interviewer and an interviewee subject conducted by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute. Interviews average just over two hours in length and capture an individual’s life story within a broader historical context (i.e. pre-war, wartime, and postwar).

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

²Primary Sources at Yale

³National Archives

Related Resources:

• “Alexandra Zapruder, Editor, Salvaged Pages: Young Writers' Diaries of the Holocaust.” Voices on Antisemitism—A Podcast Series. United States Holocaust Memorial Musem. http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/index.php?content=20080327
• “Diaries,” Bibliography. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/?lang=en&content=diaries
• “Hidden Children: Expressions.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006130
• Kain, Patricia. “How To Do a Close Reading.” Writing Center. Harvard University. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~wricntr/documents/CloseReading.html
• “Peter Feigl (Chapter 3)." Salvaged Pages: Young Writers' Diaries of the Holocaust. Alexandra Zapruder. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. 63-89.

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 2. Also included are links to closely related secondary source materials, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Auch \ōsh\

A town in the southwest of France that is the capital and most populated city in the Gers department

August 27, 1942

The date that 13-year-old Peter (Pierre) Feigl began his diary at the Château de Montéléone children’s colony in Condom in the department of Gers in southwest France

Cavailhon, Mrs.

Anna Marie Cavailhon [May 23, 1903—November 30, 1989], a devout Catholic and directress of a children’s home at the Château de Montéléone in the department of Gers

Château de Montéléone \sha-tō də mont-ē-lē-ō-nē\

A summer camp/children’s home in Condom in the department of Gers in France

Children’s Colony [Colonie d’enfants]

Children’s home

Condom \kōndōn\

A town in southwest France in the department of Gers

Department

One of a hundred administrative divisions (designated portions) of the country of France

Department of Gers \‘zhe (ə)r\

A department located in southwest France; the most populated city in the Gers department is Auch, followed by Condom

Deportation

Transport to a killing center where those transported were systematically murdered

Euphemism

Substituting a vague, indirect, or milder word or expression for the original. The Germans used deceptive euphemisms to explain and justify deportations of Jews from their homes to ghettos or transit camps, and from the ghettos and camps to the gas chambers at Auschwitz and other killing centers¹

Quakers

Specifically, the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a U.S.-based Quaker aid society that sponsored the Château de Montéléone, a children’s home in the department of Gers. The Quaker movement itself, also called the Society of Friends, was founded in England during the middle of the 17th century.¹

“Resettlement Eastward”

A phrase often used euphemistically by the Nazis and their collaborators to mean transportation of victims to killing centers in Poland where they were mass murdered

Vélodrome d’Hiver [Vel d’Hiv]

A sports arena in Paris, France where in mid-July, 1942, 13,000 Jews were seized in Paris and interned for several days where they were held without food or water, until their deportation to Auschwitz.¹

¹ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (http://www.ushmm.org)

Related Resources:

• “Deceiving the Public.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007822/
• “Deportations to Killing Centers.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005372
• “France.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429
• “France, 1933.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429&MediaId=1276
• “Major Deportations from France, 1942-1944.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429&MediaId=1277
• “Nazi Euphemisms.” Holocaust Chronicle. http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/215.html
• “Quakers.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005212

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 3. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

American Quakers

The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a U.S. based Quaker aid society that sponsored the Château de Montéléone, a children’s home in the department of Gers

Auch \ōsh\

A town in the southwest of France that is the capital and most populated city in the Gers department

C., Mrs.

Anna Marie Cavailhon [May 23, 1903—November 30, 1989], a devout Catholic and directress of a children’s home at the Château de Montéléone in the department of Gers

Cert. [certificate]

An official document affirming some fact

Château de Montéléone \sha-tō də mont-ē-lē-ō-nē\

A summer camp/children’s home in Condom in the department of Gers in France

Condom \kōndōn\

A town in southwest France in the department of Gers

Department

One of a hundred administrative divisions (designated portions) of the country of France

Department of Gers \‘zhe (ə)r\

A department located in southwest France; the most populated city in the Gers department is Auch, followed by Condom

Directress

A woman who is the head of an organized group or administrative unit, a manager, in this case, Mrs. Cavailhon as directress of Château de Montéléone

Feigl, Klaus Peter

Peter Feigl’s name at birth

Feigl, Pierre

The name Peter Feigl used to assimilate after he and his family fled to Belgium from Austria in 1938

Gen. [gendarme] \ʒɑn-dɑrm\

French policemen who are part of the gendarmerie \ʒɑn-dɑr-məri\ which is the national police force

Identity papers

Any documents which may be used to verify aspects of a person's personal identity

Marseille \mahr-sey\

A seaport in and the capital of Bouches-du-Rhône department in southeast France

Mass

Public celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and some Protestant churches, in this case, the Roman Catholic Church

Sec. Suisse [Croix Rouge Suisse Secours Aux Enfants]

Swiss Red Cross Assistance to Children Organization, a part of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), a private non-governmental humanitarian organization founded in 1863 and staffed by citizens of neutral Switzerland

Toulouse

Location of a Swiss Red Cross Assistance to Children Organization branch office in the unoccupied zone of France. Toulouse, in southwest France, is the major city in the Haute-Garonne department

Visa

An official authorization to supplement a passport, permitting entry into and travel within a particular country or region

Zones, Occupied/Unoccupied

After the German army invaded France in May 1940, in June the French surrendered and signed an armistice with the Nazis. France was then divided in two: northern France (the occupied zone) was put under German control, while southern France (the unoccupied zone) was put under the control of a new French government that was established in the town of Vichy. In November 1942 German and Italian forces took over the Vichy zone.¹

¹Yad Vashem (http://www.yadvashem.org/)

Related Resources:

• “Clickable Map of France (Departments).” Online Map. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fr(dep.html
• “Occupation of Western Europe, 1940.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429&MediaId=1637
• “Collaboration,” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005466&print=y

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 4. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Arbitrary

Unsupported, determined by chance

Auschwitz

The largest Nazi concentration camp complex, located 37 miles west of Krakow, Poland. The Auschwitz main camp (Auschwitz I) was established in 1940. In 1942, a killing center was established at Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).¹

Camp du Le Vernet

A French internment camp that during WW II became a transit camp where Jews were detained or held captive until they were deported to Auschwitz.

Certificate of Death

Permanent legal record of the fact of death, usually includes the date, circumstances, and/or cause of death

Convoy

A form of transportation; in this case, a train

Convoy 28

This particular train left the station at Drancy on September 4, 1942 at 8:55 AM, carrying 1,000 Jews toward Auschwitz. Upon arrival at the camp, on September 6, 16 men and 38 women were kept alive, and the rest, including Peter’s parents, were immediately gassed.²

Drancy

The Drancy camp, named after the northeastern suburb of Paris in which it was located, was established by the Germans in August 1941 as an internment camp for foreign Jews in France; it later became the major transit camp for the deportations of Jews from France.¹

Gurs Camp [Camp de Gurs]

Gurs, located in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques about fifty miles from the Spanish border, was originally a detention camp in southern France for political refugees after the Spanish Civil War. In early 1940, French officials began detaining German Jewish refugees as “enemy aliens.” Peter, along with his mother and grandmother, were detained in Gurs from May to July 1940 after fleeing Belgium and then Paris. Vichy authorities closed the Gurs camp in November 1943. Almost 22,000 prisoners had passed through Gurs, of whom over 18,000 were Jewish.¹

Klarsfelds

Serge Klarsfeld and his wife, Beate, published among other books, The Memorial to Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944, which included 76,000 names of Auschwitz-bound Jews, listed by train convoy and identified by last name, first name, date of birth, place of birth, and nationality.²

Transit Camp

A collection center for prisoners, most often Jews, bound for death or labor camps.

Zones, Occupied/Unoccupied

After the German army invaded France in May 1940, in June the French surrendered and signed an armistice with the Nazis. France was then divided in two: northern France (the occupied zone) was put under German control, while southern France (the unoccupied zone) was put under the control of a new French government that was established in the town of Vichy. In November 1942 German and Italian forces took over the Vichy zone.³

Vichy France Government

Set up in the unoccupied zone of France, the Vichy regime cooperated with the Germans by enacting the Statut des Juifs (Jewish Law), which defined Jews by race and restricted their rights. Vichy authorities also actively collaborated and even took initiatives by establishing internment camps in southern France, arresting foreign Jews and French Jews, and aiding in the deportation of Jews (mostly foreign Jews residing in France) to killing centers in German-occupied Poland.¹

Vichy Police

The entire French police force, about 100,000 police officers, acted under the authority of the Vichy government. In the fall of 1941 a special police section was established to deal with Jewish matters. It was supervised by the Vichy government's Office for Jewish Affairs.³

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org

²Klarsfeld Foundation Website http://www.klarsfeldfoundation.org

³Yad Vashem http://www.yadvashem.org

Related Resources:

• “Camps in France, 1942.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429&MediaId=365
• “Drancy,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005215
• “French Police,” SHOAH Resource Center, Yad Vashem, http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205866.pdf

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 5. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Affidavit

A written declaration made under oath before a notary public or other authorized officer

American Quakers

The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a U.S. based Quaker aid society that sponsored the Château de Montéléone, a children’s home in the department of Gers. During 1941 and 1942, the AFSC chose Jewish children from children's homes and refugee camps in southern France for transfer to the United States.¹

Catholic

A member of the Catholic church, especially Roman Catholic. Although the Catholic Church was persecuted in the Third Reich, Catholics as a group were not officially targeted by the Nazis merely for practicing the Catholic faith.¹

Château de Montéléone \sha-tō də mont-ē-lē-ō-nē\

A summer camp/children’s colony in Condom in the department of Gers in France.

Child Emigration Request [Demande D’emigration D’enfant]

The application form required by the AFSC, the U.S.-based Quaker aid organization, for children attempting to emigrate from France to the U.S. during 1941 and 1942

Colony

In this case, a children’s home

Condom \kōndōn\

A town in southwest France in the department of Gers

Deported

To send or carry off; transport, esp. forcibly; in this case, by train

Deputy Prefect [Le Sous-Prefet]

The official who assists the Prefect in the discharge of affairs for the department of Gers

Feigl, Pierre

The name Peter Feigl used to assimilate after he and his family fled to Belgium from Austria in 1938

Israelite

Used in the Bible to refer to a descendant of Jacob. In this reference, used to mean of the Jewish faith.

Le Vernet Internment Camp

A French internment camp that during WW II became a transit camp where Jews were detained or held captive until they were deported to Auschwitz.

Ministry of Interior

Headed by the Minister of the Interior, this French agency is responsible for general State security. The gendarmerie (the French police) and all department Prefects fall under its jurisdiction.

Prefect of Gers [Le Prefet du Gers]

The State’s chief official in the department of Gers

Préfecture

The office or agency of the Prefect

Quakers

The Quaker movement, also called the Society of Friends, was founded in England during the middle of the 17th century. The group took its name from the "quaking" that is sometimes associated with the agitation of religious feeling.¹

Visa Application

An application for an official authorization to supplement a passport, permitting entry into and travel within a particular country or region.

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org

Related Resources:

• “Life in the Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust,” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006123
• “The United States and the Holocaust.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005182

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 6. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Am.

Peter’s shorthand for Americans

Anschluss

German word meaning connection or annexation that is used to refer to the takeover of Austria by Germany in March 1938.²

Auch \ōsh\

A town in the southwest of France that is the capital and most populated city in the Gers department.

Baptize

To immerse (an individual) in water, or pour or sprinkle water over (the individual), as a symbol of admission into Christianity or a specific Christian church.

Catholic

A member of the Catholic church, especially Roman Catholic. Although the Catholic Church was persecuted in the Third Reich, Catholics as a group were not officially targeted by the Nazis merely for practicing the Catholic faith¹

Cavailhon, Mrs.

Anna Marie Cavailhon [May 23, 1903—November 30, 1989], a devout Catholic and directress of a children’s home at the Château de Montéléone in the department of Gers.

Château de Montéléone \sha-tō də mont-ē-lē-ō-nē\

A summer camp/children’s colony in Condom in the department of Gers in France.

Emigration Forms

Official documents requesting to leave one country or region to settle in another

English and American attack on North Africa

Called Operation Torch, this military campaign, began on November 8, 1942, and ended on November 11, 1942. U.S. and British forces, commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, carried out this campaign¹

Gendarme \ʒɑn-dɑrm\

French policeman who is part of the gendarmerie \zhahn-dahr-muh-ree\, a body or group of French police officers

Leaflet

A small flat or folded sheet of printed matter, as an advertisement or notice, usually intended for free distribution

Les Caillols \ lā kai- yol\

A children’s colony located in the Les Caillols suburb of Marseille in the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Marseille \mahr-sey\

A seaport in and the capital of Bouches-du-Rhône department in southeast France.

Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE)

(Children's Aid Society), worldwide Jewish organization for children's welfare and health care. During World War II, the OSE established a rescue network for children in Nazi-occupied France called Circuit Garel.²

Port

A place on a waterway with facilities for loading and unloading ships.

Quakers

Specifically the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a U.S. based Quaker aid society that sponsored the Château de Montéléone, a children’s home in the department of Gers. During 1941 and 1942, the AFSC chose Jewish children from children's homes and refugee camps in southern France for transfer to the United States¹

Transport

A means of transporting or conveying, in this case, a ship

Zones, Occupied/Unoccupied

After the German army invaded France in May 1940, in June the French surrendered and signed an armistice with the Nazis. France was then divided in two: northern France (the occupied zone) was put under German control, while southern France (the unoccupied zone) was put under the control of a new French government that was established in the town of Vichy. In November 1942 German and Italian forces took over the Vichy zone.²

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/

²Yad Vashem http://www.yadvashem.org/

Related Resources:

• “Jewish Aid and Rescue,” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://secure.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=es&ModuleId=10005519
• “Occupation of the Southern Zone, November 1942.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005429&MediaId=1636
• “Operation Torch,” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007303
• “Racial Antisemitism, 1875-1945” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007171 /li>

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 7. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/

Related Resources:

• “Camps in France, 1942, Gurs Indicated.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/viewer/wlc/map.php?RefId=GUR72020
• “Gurs,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005298
• “SS,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007400
“Waffen SS,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007405

Brémond, Mr. [also Mr. Br.]

Director of the children’s colony at Les Caillols

Colony

In this case, a children’s home

Gestapo

The German Secret State Police, which was under SS control. It was responsible for investigating political crimes and opposition activities.

Gurs Camp [Camp de Gurs]

Gurs, located in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques about fifty miles from the Spanish border, was originally a detention camp in southern France for political refugees after the Spanish Civil War. In early 1940, French officials began detaining German Jewish refugees as “enemy aliens.” Peter, along with his mother and grandmother, were detained in Gurs from May to July 1940 after fleeing Belgium and then Paris. Vichy authorities closed the Gurs camp in November 1943. Almost 22,000 prisoners had passed through Gurs, of whom over 18,000 were Jewish.¹

La Rouvière

A children’s colony located in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône in southern France

Les Caillols \ lā kai- yol\

A children’s colony located in the Les Caillols suburb of Marseille in the Bouches-du-Rhône department

SS

German abbreviation for Schutzstaffel (literally, protection squads), initially created to serve as bodyguards for Nazi leaders. It later took charge of political intelligence gathering, the German police, the concentration camps, and the systematic mass murder of Jews and other victims.¹

Waffen SS

The combat arm of the SS, which eventually fielded more than 20 divisions, establishing a command and operations structure to rival the German Army.¹

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 8. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

B., Mrs.

The wife of Mr. Brémond, the director of the children’s colony at Les Caillols

Catholic

A member of the Catholic church, especially Roman Catholic. Although the Catholic Church was persecuted in the Third Reich, Catholics as a group were not officially targeted by the Nazis merely for practicing the Catholic faith¹

Collège Cévenol

A secondary school where Peter (Pierre) Feigl attended classes, located in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

Kilometers, fifteen

Compares to a little over 9 miles

Kilometers, twelve

Compares to almost 7 ½ miles

Le Chambon \lə-shän -bōn \

Le Chambon-sur-Ligonon is a village in the department of Haute-Loire in south-central France, which was in the unoccupied zone of France until November 1942. Its inhabitants (plus those from surrounding villages), from December 1940 to September 1944, provided refuge for an estimated 5,000 people, many of them children, fleeing from Vichy French and German authorities¹

Les Grillons

A children’s home several miles from the village of Le Chambon

Massif Central

Mountainous plateau in south-central France

Protestant

Broadly, any Western Christian who is not an adherent of a Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Church

Trocmé, André

Pastor of Le Chambon’s Reformed Church of France, who along with his wife Magda, and his assistant, Pastor Edouard Theis, led the residents of Le Chambon and surrounding villages to offer shelter, forge identification and ration cards, and in some cases guided the refugees across the border to neutral Switzerland¹

Trocmé, Mr.

Daniel Trocmé (Pastor Andre Trocmé's cousin) who was the director of Les Grillons children’s home. On June 29, 1943, the Germans staged a raid and arrested a number of children and Daniel Trocmé, who was deported to the Majdanek death camp in Poland where he was murdered by the SS.¹

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/

Related Resources:

• “Chambon Institute.” Chambon Foundation. http://www.chambon.org/chambon_institute_en.htm
• “France 1933, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Indicated.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/viewer/wlc/map.php?RefId=LEC79020
• “Le Chambon-sur-Lignon,” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007518
• “Trocme, Andre.” SHOAH Resource Center. Yad Vashem. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206747.pdf
• “The Village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, Southeastern France, André & Magda Trocmé, Daniel Trocmé.” The Righteous Among Nations. Yad Vashem. http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/france/trocme.html

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 9. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Auch \ōsh\

A town in the southwest of France that is the capital and most populated city in the Gers department

Collège Champollion

A French high school in Figeac in the department of Lot in southwest France that boarded students unable to go home at the end of the day

Fesson, Pierre

Peter Feigl’s assumed name which appeared on his false (forged) French identity card made for him while he was at Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

Figeac

A town or municipality in the department of Lot in southwest France

Gendarmerie \zhahn-dahr-muh-ree\

A body or group of French police officers

Kraut

A disparaging term for someone of German birth or descent, particularly a German soldier

Les Grillons

A children’s home several miles from the village of Le Chambon in the department of Haute-Loire in south-central France

Mass

Public celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and some Protestant churches, in this case, the Roman Catholic Church

Related Resources:

• “Hidden Children: Hardships.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006125

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 10. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Aurillac

A city in the department of Cantal in France

Clermont-Ferrard

A city in the department of Puy-de-Dôme in France

Feigl, Pierre

The name Peter Feigl used to assimilate after he and his family fled to Belgium from Austria in 1938

Interrogation

Detailed questioning by the police or other law-enforcement authorities

Lyon

City in east-central France in the department of Rhône

Geneva

The second most populated city in Switzerland; the official language is French

No Man’s Land

A term used to describe an area that is unclaimed, unowned, or whose ownership is uncertain and/or ambiguous, as in the land in between the two rows of barbed wire separating the French and Swiss border

Papers

Any document which may be used to verify aspects of a person's personal identity

Passeur \pasœr\

A guide who helped refugees cross the Swiss border, often in exchange for money

Red [International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC]

Private non-governmental humanitarian organization founded in 1863 and staffed by citizens of neutral Switzerland

Switzerland

Long a neutral country with a tradition of providing a safe haven for refugees. During World War II, however, Switzerland floundered in its attitude towards immigration and refugees: at some points, it practiced a strict immigration policy, while at other times many Jews were allowed into the country. In all, over 300,000 refugees passed through Switzerland during the Nazi period; 30,000 were Jews.¹

Vichy

City in central France in the department of Allier

Viry

A town in the department of Jura, close to the Swiss border

¹Yad Vashem http://www.yadvashem.org/

Related Resources:

• “Escape Routes from German-Occupied Europe, 1942.” Online Map. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005470&MediaId=361
• “Red Cross, International.” Shoah Resource Center. Yad Vashem. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205769.pdf
• “Switzerland.” Shoah Resource Center. Yad Vashem. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206062.pdf

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 11. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Bern

The fourth most populous city in Switzerland; the official language of Bern is German

Gersonde, Mr.

A business associate of Peter’s father who agrees to take Peter into his family’s home in Bern, Switzerland

Fall of Rome

The Allies successfully landed near Anzio, just south of Rome, but were not able to capture Rome until early June 1944. German troops continued to occupy northern Italy, and resisted tenaciously until they surrendered on May 2, 1945. After the liberation of Rome, Allied air forces could bomb German targets in eastern Europe such as the synthetic fuel and rubber plants at Auschwitz-Monowitz in Silesia.¹

June 6, 1944

(D-Day) over 150,000 Allied soldiers landed on the Normandy beaches of France. Trapped on the Normandy coast for six weeks, the British and Americans broke loose on July 25 and liberated Paris by August 25.¹

Suppressed

Kept back; restrained; stopped

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org

Related Resources:

• “D-Day.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005158
• Goldstein, Leah. “Their Silent Cries: Hidden Child Survivors of the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem Quarterly Magazine. Yad Vashem. http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/pressroom/magazine/pdf/yv_magazine38.pdf

The following vocabulary is intended to provide context for information that is presented in Slide 12. Also included are links to closely related secondary source material, such as brief encyclopedia articles and maps.

Vocabulary:

Caillols

Short for Les Caillols \lā kai- yol\ – a children’s colony located in the Le Caillols suburb of Marseille in the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Château de Montéléone \sha-tō də mont-ē-lē-ō-nē\

A summer camp/children’s colony in/near Condom in the department of Gers in France

C.I.M.A.D.E. (Comite Inter-Mouvements Aupres Des Evacues)

Translated as Committee to Coordinate Activities for the Displaced, the CIMADE is a Protestant refugee organization that was especially active in finding escape routes to Switzerland during WW II¹

Grillons

Short for Les Grillons, a children’s home several miles from the village of Le Chambon

Haute Loire

The French department where Le Chambon-sur-Lignon was located

Marine Flasher

A victory ship that arrived in New York harbor in July 15, 1946 carrying a number of Jewish refugees considered stateless, including passenger #791, Peter Feigl, 17.

Niemöller, Martin

(1892--1984) German Protestant pastor who headed the anti-Nazi Confessing Church during the Nazi regime

Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE)

(Children's Aid Society), worldwide Jewish organization for children's welfare and health care. During World War II, the OSE established a rescue network for children in Nazi-occupied France called Circuit Garel.²

Secours Quaker

Quaker Assistance, particularly referencing the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a U.S. based Quaker aid society, with a branch office in Marseille

Swiss Red Cross

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) a private non-governmental humanitarian organization founded in 1863 and staffed by citizens of neutral Switzerland

Victory Ship

A type of larger and faster cargo ship that was commissioned circa 1943

¹United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/

Related Resources:

• “Niemöller, Martin.” SHOAH Resource Center. Yad Vashem. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205958.pdf
• “Martin Niemöller: “First They Came for the Socialists…” Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007392
• “United States Policy Towards Jewish Refugees, 1941-1952, Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007094